This paper analyzes the geopolitical developments in Central Asia during the mid-19th century from the perspective of regional powers such as Iran, China, and others. Unlike traditional studies that emphasize the British-Russian rivalry, this research highlights the role of Iran’s religious-political influence and China’s economic and diplomatic actions. It also discusses the strategic importance of Afghanistan and the Emirate of Bukhara, based on primary historical documents.

Central Asia, 19th century, Iran, China, geopolitics, historical analysis, regional actors.

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