This article analyzes the civil law problems of creating derivative works using objects protected by copyright through generative artificial intelligence models. In particular, mass violations in the AI training process and the incompatibility of the "fair use" doctrine with national legislation are revealed. The research is based on international conventions, US court practice, and the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. To protect the rights of creators in the digital environment, practical legal proposals have been developed to introduce the "opt-out" mechanism, establish joint and several liability for damages, and implement collective digital licensing levies into the Civil Code and related legal acts.

The article analyzes information about the activities of court queens in the administration of the state and society during the Timurid era, their role in the appointment of state officials and the granting of management titles. The topic has been studied based on historical sources and scientific literature.

The article analyses information on the Nowruz and Mehrgan festivals given in Rabi‘ al-abrar by the medieval scholar Abu al-Qasim Mahmud al-Zamakhshari (1075–1144). It examines the origins of these festivals, the attitudes of Arab poets, ascetics and religious authorities towards them, and the ideas of religious tolerance.

The article analyzes the relation between the human person, ethics, and freedom in ninth- to twelfth-century Islamic philosophy and kalām. Using historical-philosophical and comparative methods, it examines the views of al-Farabi, Avicenna, Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, and Abu Hamid al-Ghazali without projecting modern individual autonomy onto classical concepts. The analysis shows that free action is linked to reason, virtue, choice, intention, responsibility, and happiness. Erkin Yusupov’s views on freedom of thought and moral-social responsibility are assessed as a modern Uzbek interpretation of the classical heritage. A three-level model of the “human person – ethics – freedom” relation is proposed: anthropological capacity, ethical orientation, and social conditions.

The article provides a comparative analysis of the experience of Germany, Norway, Denmark, the USA, Canada, France, the Netherlands, South Africa, Spain, China, Brazil, the European Union, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in organizing prosecutorial supervision over the enforcement of land legislation in the agricultural sector. Based on the role of the prosecutor's office in land relations, three functional models are identified: influence through supervisory bodies and courts, a mixed model, and a model of general prosecutorial supervision. The article substantiates the significance for Uzbekistan of mechanisms such as treating changes in land category as an exception, relying on objective criteria, specializing prosecutors and providing them with permanent technical support, claims aimed at land restoration, and using remote sensing data as grounds for inspection rather than as evidence. Scholarly views on the boundary between prosecutorial supervision and state land supervision are analyzed, and the author's meta-supervision approach is proposed.

This article analyzes attitudes toward blind individuals using public transport through the lenses of social stereotypes, personal independence, and civic responsibility. It distinguishes between stereotypes, behavioral attitudes, and service-related barriers, proposing a classification based on the pre-emptive limitation of opportunities, the homogenization of needs, and the exclusion of independence. The appropriateness of assistance is evaluated based on the passenger's consent, safety, and freedom of decision-making. The article differentiates the responsibilities of citizens, service personnel, and transport organizations, offering recommendations for fostering respectful interaction and developing accessible transport services.

This article analyzes the legal nature of the inviolability of private life, personal data, and family secrets, as well as the constitutional and legal foundations for their protection and the problems arising in practice. In the context of the accelerating processes of digitalization and the expanding legal relations associated with the collection, storage, processing, and dissemination of information concerning an individual’s private life, the article puts forward proposals aimed at improving national legislation, strengthening control over the processing of personal data, increasing citizens’ legal awareness, and enhancing procedural safeguards for the protection of information constituting a family secret.

This article provides a chronological analysis of the activities of governors, deputies, and darughas who administered the Fergana Valley during the reign of Amir Temur and his descendants (1370–1469). Drawing on historical sources, the study examines the period from the Jalairid beylik to the independent rule of Mirza Umarshaykh and highlights the distinctive features of the valley's administrative governance as a territory bordering Moghulistan.

This article analyzes the methodological role and prospective opportunities of scientific forecasting in the process of forming a society's development strategy. Drawing on research by Uzbek and international scholars on this topic, the article highlights the theoretical foundations, types and methods of social forecasting and demonstrates the specific features of applying scientific forecasting in the strategic documents being implemented in Uzbekistan.

This article analyzes the formation and development of urban culture in the Jizzakh Oasis, the history of its study in historiography, and the scientific findings of archaeological research conducted in the region. The study examines the position of the Jizzakh Oasis as the northwestern part of the historical and cultural region of Ustrushana, the relationship between urban and rural settlements in antiquity and the early Middle Ages, and the role of irrigated agriculture, crafts, trade, and defensive structures in the process of urbanization. The article concludes that urbanization in the Jizzakh Oasis was not a process involving the independent development of individual cities, but rather a complex historical process shaped by the interaction of urban and rural settlements, irrigation systems, crafts, trade, and political-administrative structures.

This article analyzes the social and living conditions of the rural population of the Fergana Valley during the Second World War. It examines demographic changes, labor mobilization, the role of women, elderly people and adolescents in agricultural production, material living conditions and humanitarian assistance provided to evacuated people.

The article examines the normative limits of social justice in systems of meritocratic selection from philosophical and normative perspectives. The study aims to identify the normative relations among the key categories of the problem and to define the limits of their institutional coordination. The methodology combines dialectical, conceptual, comparative, axiological, and reflective methods of analysis. The study develops a multidimensional conceptual framework that systematizes the relevant criteria and the limits within which the key contradictions can be resolved.

The article examines the normative status of intergenerational justice in democratic society from socio-philosophical and normative perspectives. The study aims to reveal the internal relations among the key categories of the problem and to define the conditions for their just institutional coordination. The methodology combines dialectical, conceptual, comparative, axiological analysis and the principle of reflective equilibrium. The study develops a multidimensional conceptual model that systematizes normative criteria, contradictions, and the limits of institutional solutions.

The article examines the historical evolution of religious tolerance policy in Indonesia from the Dutch colonial period to the present. The study uses historical-comparative analysis and periodisation and draws on legal documents, official publications of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and international scholarship. Each period is described by three criteria: the state’s approach to religion, the instruments of policy and the place of religious organisations. Seven stages are identified: the colonial period, the Japanese occupation, the Pancasila compromise of 1945, the Sukarno period, the New Order, Reformasi and the policy of “Moderasi Beragama”. The analysis shows that Indonesia’s religious policy did not follow a linear path of secularisation; at each stage the state changed the form of its relations with religious organisations rather than withdrawing from them. The author proposes a comparative description of two models, controlled religious stability and institutionalised, negotiated moderation, and outlines aspects of the Indonesian experience, notably indicator-based assessment and cooperation with religious educational institutions, that may be useful for Uzbekistan’s policy of religious tolerance.

The institution of the return of unjust enrichment in civil law is one of the important legal instruments ensuring fair regulation of property relations. The main objective of this institution is to restore the violated property balance by returning to the rightful owner property that has been аcquired or saved by one person at the expense of another person without a legal basis. This scientific study provides a comparative legal аnаlysis of the concept of unjust enrichment, its legal nature, grounds for occurrence, conditions for return, regulation under the civil legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, current issues of judicial practice, as well as the experience of Germany, France, and Russia.

The article analyzes the digitalization of justice services in the Surkhandarya region during 2017–2025 in connection with the processes of E-notary, E-Civil Registry Office, the Unified Interactive Public Services Portal, interagency electronic cooperation, and the centralization of legal services. The study evaluates digitalization not as a simple technological innovation, but as a historical-institutional process that has transformed document circulation, archive management, notarial acts, civil status records, handling of applications, service quality, and legal culture. In the Surkhandarya region, the high proportion of the rural population, the distance between districts, the active use of family-legal documents, and issues related to inheritance and migration have strengthened the social necessity of digital justice services. The article also highlights that complete district-level digital statistics are insufficient in open sources and substantiates the necessity of involving departmental reports, archival data, and service quality indicators for scientific research.

This article examines the theoretical and practical dimensions of national self-awareness and its influence on the formation of political consciousness. The study substantiates that a person who has deeply internalized their national identity approaches political choice through the prism of the values, customs, and interests of the society they belong to, on the basis of critical thinking, rather than uncritically adopting ideas that contradict the common interests of society. Drawing on the statements of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the First President, the article analyzes the role of national solidarity in preventing social fragmentation during a period of accelerating reform, and shows how national self-awareness functions as a factor of economic and, ultimately, political sovereignty amid globalization.

The article examines the optimisation of national ceremonies under globalisation through the lens of a classical spiritual source – al-Ḥakīm at-Tirmidhī’s treatise “Adab an-nafs”. The author reveals the common ground between the doctrine of disciplining the self (adab an-nafs) and the culture of social ceremonies, substantiates on this basis seven principles for enhancing ceremonial culture, and proposes seven directions for their application in contemporary practice. The study aims to interpret ceremony not as outward pomp but as a means of inner spiritual perfection.

The article examines the prevention of radicalization under the guise of religion among young people and the reduction of its negative effects through the relationship between independent thinking, moral responsibility and social ties. Religious belief is distinguished from an ideology that justifies violence, while the preventive roles of education, critical thinking, media literacy and meaningful social participation are explored. Systemic and conceptual analysis informs an integrated model linking universal, selective and individual support with rehabilitation and reintegration. The model brings protective measures into a shared framework with young people’s agency, rights and institutional cooperation.

The article examines the constitutional and institutional formation of the administrative court system in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Five stages of administrative justice development are identified, their normative foundations and impact on judicial protection of human rights are analysed, and conclusions for improving the system are proposed.

The article compares digital indicators and the recognition of personal  potential. Eight sources inform a distinction between data, interpretation, decision, and recognition. Numerical precision is separated from justified educational judgment. An audit of indicator scope, context, and opportunities to challenge decisions is proposed.

Cyberculture is examined through the relationship between youth norms, values and digital practices. Conceptual comparison distinguishes technical proficiency from cultural agency in everyday settings. Knowing a norm, justifying it and applying it are treated as distinct units of social analysis. A three-layer approach and a matrix specifying the evidential limits of interpretation are proposed.

This article subjects to a rigorous academic analysis the phenomenological essence of "information fatigue syndrome" and the subsequent structural shift of "intentional news avoidance" within the contemporary digital communication paradigm. Guided by cognitive-epistemological and media-sociological methodologies, the study dissects how heuristic overloads, algorithmic framing, and a surfeit of emotionally adversarial content impair the systemic cognitive equilibrium of the domestic audience. Integrating an empirical matrix of stratified surveys and rigorous content-and-semantic analysis of prominent national digital vectors, the research illuminates the deep-seated motivations driving the audience toward defensive digital isolation and communicative alienation.

This article analyzes the constitutional and legal guarantees aimed at ensuring human rights and freedoms enshrined in the new edition of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to the direct applicability of human rights and freedoms, the inviolability of human dignity, the principle of proportionality in relations between individuals and public authorities, the interpretation of legal ambiguities in favor of the individual, judicial protection of rights and state responsibility for unlawful decisions and actions of public authorities. The article also considers the positive obligations of the state in ensuring personal, social and digital rights and formulates proposals for improving the practical implementation of constitutional guarantees.

This article analyzes the foreign trade relations that developed during the early years following the Republic of Uzbekistan’s attainment of state independence, particularly in 1991–1993. The study focuses primarily on Uzbekistan’s trade and economic relations with the former Soviet republics and the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), as well as Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan. It examines export and import volumes, imports of certain food products, the trade balance across various industrial sectors, and changes in trade indicators involving South Asian countries.

The article examines methodology as the theoretical foundation that defines the principles, methods and paths of scientific cognition. Ibrohim Mo‘minov’s methodological views are analysed on the basis of his specific studies, scientific articles and historical-philosophical works, revealing the principles of historicism, reliance on sources, scientific objectivity and interdisciplinarity.

This article compares the cybersecurity of three kinds of autonomous transport: unmanned aerial vehicles, self-driving cars and autonomous ships. The study combines a structured review of international sources published in 2008–2022 with a STRIDE-based threat analysis. GNSS spoofing, sensor attacks, in-vehicle network weaknesses, communication links and supply-chain threats are assessed for each platform. The dominant threats turn out to differ by platform: communication and navigation for drones, in-vehicle networks and perception sensors for cars, navigation and IT/OT integration for ships. A layered defence approach is proposed.

This article comprehensively highlights the conceptual evolution of the category of contingency (chance) in Western European philosophy of the 16th–19th centuries, its role in scientific cognition, and its dialectical connection with necessity. Within the framework of the study, a comparative analysis of the views of great thinkers such as G.W. Leibniz, T. Hobbes, F. Bacon, Voltaire, P. Holbach, L.M. Deshan, G. Hegel, and S. Kierkegaard is carried out. The text logically substantiates that contingency is not merely ignorance or causelessness, but a dialectical process with objective foundations, also highlighting its significance in accelerating scientific discoveries and its aspects related to infinity.

The article analyzes the structural transformations of the concept of human dignity in the context of artificial intelligence technologies and digital society from a socio-philosophical perspective. The aim of the study is to identify the stages of transformation of human dignity from its classical philosophical interpretations to the contemporary algorithmic-digital environment and to reveal its axiological, ontological, and socio-institutional foundations. The findings of the study, conducted on the basis of philosophical-analytical, axiological, and systemic approaches, demonstrate that artificial intelligence necessitates a reinterpretation of human dignity not only as a legal and ethical concept but also as a dynamic, multidimensional social phenomenon shaped through technological mediation. Based on recent research, the article proposes ethical and legal mechanisms for preserving and developing human dignity in the context of digitalization and the increasing use of artificial intelligence technologies.

This article examines the increasing structural complexity of the system of youth interests in society under conditions of reform, as well as the political-philosophical and sociological foundations for balancing these interests. The epistemological essence of the concept of “interest” is comparatively analyzed through the perspectives of Uzbek lexicography, the French Enlightenment thinkers, German classical philosophy, and the conceptual approaches of local scholars. The article explores the system of youth interests as a distinct social stratum and identifies the objective sources of intersubjective conflicts arising under conditions of limited resources and social expectations. In conclusion, the author proposes original approaches to mechanisms for ensuring the consistency, legitimacy, and social stability of reforms by balancing the economic, social, and spiritual dimensions of youth interests.

This study examines the concepts of “ishfaq” (compassion) and “khalwat dar anjuman” (being with the Divine Truth while among people), which are among the central categories of Sufi teachings, from historical, philosophical, and philological perspectives. The research explores the spiritual reflections of Hazrat Azizon (Khudoydod), dialogues between spiritual masters and disciples, the transition from forty-day spiritual seclusion (uzlat) to participation in communal life (social interaction), and the Sufi approach to relations with ruling authorities (kings and sultans). Quranic verses, hadiths, Arabic definitions, and Persian and Turkic ghazals contained in the source are subjected to semantic analysis, revealing the literary and spiritual significance of the examined material.

This article examines the relationship between corruption and social trust from a socio-philosophical perspective. It explores the adverse effects of corrupt practices on trust in public institutions, the fair application of legal norms, the principles of social justice, and cooperation among citizens. It also analyzes how weakened institutional trust creates conditions for the recurrence of corrupt practices and their entrenchment in the social environment. The study employs a comparative analytical approach to examine domestic and international academic literature, analytical materials published by international organizations, and the normative legal acts of the Republic of Uzbekistan concerning anti-corruption efforts. Based on the findings, the article proposes a conceptual model comprising “rules – equality – accountability – participation – trust” to assess the effectiveness of anti-corruption policy from a socio-philosophical perspective. This model makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of corruption prevention and anti-corruption measures in their interconnectedness with compliance with legal norms, the promotion of justice, transparency in the activities of public authorities, citizens’ socio-political participation, and the strengthening of institutional trust.

The article examines the transformation of Uzbekistan’s cooperation with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia in renewable energy from a predominantly investment-based interaction into a broader mechanism of energy diplomacy. The study focuses on the political and institutional role of high-level dialogue, public-private partnership instruments and major corporate actors in implementing solar, wind, energy storage, grid and green hydrogen projects. It is argued that the current model creates a new form of infrastructure interdependence that links foreign policy priorities with domestic energy-security goals. The article identifies the concentration of cooperation around a limited number of partner states and companies, insufficient multilateral institutionalisation at the Uzbekistan–GCC level, and the need to complement capital inflows with technology transfer, localisation and human-capital development. A three-stage analytical model is proposed: investment energy diplomacy, infrastructure energy diplomacy and regional energy diplomacy.

The article compares five lines of interpretation of the national-territorial delimitation of Central Asia in 1924 found in Soviet, Western, Uzbekistani and neighbouring historiography and tests them against one document: the Theses of the Central Committee of the Bukharan Communist Party, adopted on 25 February 1924 and published from the archival original by A. Khalid. A corpus of 41 research positions is read with three questions: who initiated the proposal, what aims were stated and what territorial logic was proposed. The lines prove complementary in evidence and competing in the weight they assign to the participants; the delimitation gave state form to an existing self-designation rather than created it.

The article analyses the role of the digital state and e-government in public administration, the Digital Uzbekistan 2030 strategy, e-services and digital education. It examines the digital divide, personal data protection and responsible use of AI, arguing that the digital state should be judged by service quality and public trust.

The article analyzes, from a philosophical and aesthetic perspective, the ideas of paradise expressed through architectural imagery in Eastern miniature painting. Drawing on the Qur’anic image of paradise, the chahar bagh tradition, and Kamoliddin Behzod’s miniatures «Yusuf and Zulaykha» (1488) and «The Building of the Castle of Khawarnaq» (1494–1495), it reveals the symbolic content of images of the garden, pool, iwan, dome and palace. The article examines the distinctive treatment of light, colour and space in miniature painting and the historical continuity from the Herat and Bukhara schools to contemporary neo-miniature. Tilab Mahmudov’s views on the unity of form and content and on the capacity of beauty to guide a person toward perfection serve as the theoretical basis for interpreting these images.

Drawing on archival documents and on the work of Russian and Western scholars, this article analyzes the socio-political processes associated with the establishment of sanitary enlightenment in Uzbekistan in the 1920s–1930s. It traces how sanitary enlightenment developed from anti-epidemic measures on the Turkestan Front into an institutional system built around a sanitary enlightenment department and a network of houses of sanitary enlightenment. The article examines the means of propaganda – leaflets, posters, brochures, agitation trains, mobile units and films – and their distribution across languages and territories. It argues that the Soviet authorities regarded sanitary enlightenment not as a purely medical-hygienic task but as an ideological and political project, using it, among other things, as a means of combating religion and the traditional customs of the population. It also shows that financial constraints and the gap between town and countryside limited the practical effectiveness of this policy. The study identifies three stages in the development of the sanitary enlightenment system.

This scientific article comprehensively examines the essence of the concept of social activity, its genesis, socio-philosophical and sociological nature, as well as the principles of methodological analysis. It reveals the forms of manifestation of social activity, its subjective and objective determinants, and its structural-functional, axiological, and synergetic criteria under modern societal transformation and digitalization. The article proposes a multi-level (micro, meso, macro) methodological model for assessing social activity, consisting of scientific conclusions aimed at enhancing interactive interconnectedness between the individual and society as well as promoting constructive activity.

Drawing on comparative legal, analytical and historical methods, the article examines the legislation and institutional practice of nine countries: the USA, the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Japan, South Korea and Australia. The aim is to derive from this experience conclusions applicable to the improvement of Uzbek legislation. The analysis shows that systems belonging to different legal families rely on a closely similar set of instruments: an individual plan documenting the support provided to the learner, tiered support, a school-level coordinator, a legal form of interagency cooperation, and procedural safeguards for parents. The conclusions may be applied in improving national legislation and shaping education policy.

This article presents a historical and analytical study of the territorial characteristics and development trends of the healthcare system in Kashkadarya Region from 1991 to 2025. The research results indicate that the healthcare system in the region has developed gradually, taking into account territorial disparities, expanding the network of primary healthcare facilities, and improving staff capacity. At the same time, the study highlights the urgent need to reduce territorial inequalities, improve the quality of medical services in remote areas, and digitalize the system. The findings may be used in developing scientific and practical recommendations for the regional healthcare system.

The article examines justice in Eastern and Western legal traditions from a philosophical and comparative perspective. It compares ideas of just order, equality, common good, individual rights and fair procedure in the works of al-Farabi, Yusuf Khass Hajib, Amir Temur, Plato and Aristotle, as well as in modern legal thought. The study distinguishes a universal normative core of justice from its historically and culturally specific forms.

Socially dangerous phenomena, manifestations of deviant and delinquent behavior, aggression, anomie, and the phenomenon of moral degradation act as destructive factors posing a most serious threat to the institutional stability and spiritual-cultural development of any society. The cultural and spiritual-civilizational development of a society is determined not merely by material infrastructure or economic indicators, but above all by the population's system of values, moral self-regulation, level of social trust, and awareness of cultural identity. When socially dangerous manifestations acquire a systemic character in society, they primarily undermine social capital and the spiritual foundation from within, obstructing the vector of the society's prospective development. This article comprehensively describes the complex and multifaceted negative impact of socially dangerous behavior and phenomena on the spiritual and cultural sphere of society from philosophical, sociological, culturological, and psychological perspectives.

Inviolability is the core element of the legal regime of diplomatic immunities and privileges, yet it is often conflated with immunity from jurisdiction. This article examines the doctrine of inviolability in international and domestic law. Using doctrinal, comparative-legal and systemic methods, it analyses the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, the 1946 and 1947 Conventions on the privileges and immunities of the United Nations and its specialized agencies, judicial and State practice, and the legislation of Uzbekistan. The article distinguishes personal inviolability, inviolability of premises, and inviolability of correspondence, archives and documents; addresses the insufficiently studied question of the inviolability of diplomatic vehicles; and considers how the doctrine is implemented in domestic law, in particular in Uzbekistan. The discussion turns to the limits of inviolability, to incidents involving diplomatic missions and international organizations, and to concerns about abuse. It is concluded that inviolability, although not free of challenges, remains an indispensable guarantee of the functioning of diplomatic relations and international organizations.

This article examines the source-critical foundations for reconstructing the social life of Central Asia in the early Middle Ages, with particular attention to Sogdiana, Khorezm, Tokharistan, Chach and the Fergana Valley. The study argues that no single category of evidence is sufficient for describing the region's social organization, economy, urban life, political institutions or cultural relations. Chinese dynastic histories, Sogdian documentary archives, Bactrian and Khorezmian written materials, Arabic-Persian historical traditions, archaeology, numismatics, epigraphy and visual evidence each preserve different layers of the historical record. Their evidentiary value depends on authorship, chronology, genre, transmission and the institutional context in which the source was created. By comparing narrative evidence with documentary and material data, the article outlines a practical model of source criticism based on external criticism, internal criticism, contextualization, cross-verification and regional comparison. Particular attention is given to the Sui Shu and Tang histories, the Mount Mugh archive, Sogdian trade evidence and archaeological materials from Panjikent, Afrasiab, Paykent and Khorezm. The article concludes that a multi-source method allows historians to move beyond descriptive use of chronicles and to reconstruct social relations as dynamic systems involving political authority, urban communities, merchants, landholders, craftsmen, religious groups and mobile populations.

The ethosphere is examined through art, moral norms and everyday social relations. Sources on aesthetic experience, cultural participation and ethical criticism are compared. Artistic expression, interpretation, recognition and practical response are distinguished. A four-dimensional matrix specifies conditions connecting these analytical levels.

The article analyzes the socio-political, cultural and philosophical environment that took shape in the Emirate of Bukhara in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in close connection with historical and cultural processes. One of the main sources of the study is Muhammadjon Shakuri Bukhoroi’s work “Fitnai inqilob dar Bukhoro”, which covers the political situation of the Emirate of Bukhara under the protectorate of the Russian Empire, the emirate’s system of government, social injustice, the enlightenment movement, Jadidism, the scholarly and literary circle around Ahmad Donish and Sadri Ziyo, new-method schools, and the emergence of the periodical press.

This study is devoted to a theoretical and scientific analysis of the influence of Erkin Yusupov’s literary works on the spiritual and educational development of young people. The research examines the essence and significance of the national and universal values, patriotism, humanism, moral integrity, spiritual maturity, and the ideal of the well-rounded individual reflected in the writer’s works. Furthermore, it analyzes the role of Erkin Yusupov’s literary heritage in shaping the worldview of the younger generation, fostering independent and critical thinking skills, promoting a culture of reading, and strengthening national identity. The study employs literary analysis as well as comparative and systematic research approaches. The findings demonstrate the scientific and practical significance of Erkin Yusupov’s works in educating young people as spiritually mature, intellectually capable, and socially responsible individuals with a strong sense of civic consciousness.

This article analyzes the significance of communication in the system of interpersonal relations, the improvement of communication culture, its developmental stages, and developmental trends. Additionally, alongside the technological renewal of the transition of communication culture from the traditional model to the digital model, paradigmatic changes in the social nature of the individual, methods of self-expression, values, and the system of social relations are studied as a profound transformation.

This article comprehensively analyzes the characteristics of the formation of the modern information society, the impact of information on social-philosophical, spiritual, and psychological security in the context of globalization, as well as the threats posed by information attacks to human spirituality. Furthermore, the priority directions for enhancing the culture of information consumption among the population and youth, forming ideological immunity, and developing psychological defense mechanisms are scientifically substantiated.

This article analyzes the reflection of the ancient Turkic worldview, concepts of the universe, and nature within folk applied arts and traditional ornaments. The study reveals that ornaments were not merely decorative elements, but served as a sacred symbolic system representing the three-tiered cosmic model (upper, middle, and lower worlds), the Tree of Life cult, astral beliefs (sun, moon, stars), and totemic traditions (wolf, horse, eagle, etc.). Furthermore, the paper examines the cosmogonic and protective semantics of Uzbek traditional skullcaps (do‘ppi) and the cultural transformation of these mythological symbols after the introduction of Islam, supported by historical sources.

The article highlights the organization and development of customs authorities in the territory of our country, the procedure and methods of customs clearance of goods, the stages of historical development of the amount of customs payments for goods, the history of responsibility for crimes related to the smuggling of currency and jewelry, as well as proposals for analyzing the stages of historical development.

This article analyzes the institutional role of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) in the development of the cultural diplomacy of the Turkic world, as well as its evolution and integrative impact. The aim of the article is to identify the complementarity, practical results and prospects of cultural diplomacy and the mechanisms of the OTS. Qualitative case study, process tracing and focused content analysis were applied to official declarations, speeches of heads of state, documents of international organizations and academic literature. The activities, main functions and results of the institutional structures within the OTS are analyzed in comparison with other similar platforms.

The article provides a historical and philosophical analysis of the relationship between historical consciousness and national identity in Uzbek philosophical thought. In the context of Jadidism, issues of history, language, enlightenment, and progress are examined through the views of Mahmudkhoja Behbudi, Abdurauf Fitrat, and Abdulla Avloni. The study also analyzes the ideological constraints imposed on historical consciousness during the Soviet period, as well as the intellectual continuity aimed at preserving national history and cultural heritage, particularly Ibrahim Muminov’s approach to the interpretation of Amir Temur’s personality. In the period of independence, the reinterpretation of historical memory, the experience of statehood, and national heritage is assessed as an important factor in shaping national identity. The study employs historical-philosophical, comparative, and conceptual methods of analysis.

The article compares mechanisms ensuring women’s political rights in Central Asian states across six parameters. Effectiveness depends not on quota size but on how the protected category is defined, on placement requirements and on coverage. Six proposals for Uzbek legislation are formulated, including extending gender requirements to parliament-formed bodies.

This article examines issues of peace and the role fundamental human rights and freedoms in maintaining peace in international humanitarian law and Islamic international law, including the origins and development of international humanitarian law and it’s similarities with Islamic international law. The main types of human rights and freedoms in Islam are presented.

This article analyzes the constitutional and legal guarantees aimed at ensuring human rights and freedoms enshrined in the new edition of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to the direct applicability of human rights and freedoms, the inviolability of human dignity, the principle of proportionality in relations between individuals and public authorities, the interpretation of legal ambiguities in favor of the individual, judicial protection of rights and state responsibility for unlawful decisions and actions of public authorities. The article also considers the positive obligations of the state in ensuring personal, social and digital rights and formulates proposals for improving the practical implementation of constitutional guarantees.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the concept of law-making, its legal nature, content, and scientific-theoretical foundations. It highlights the role of law-making in the formation, improvement, and implementation of legal norms, as well as its correlation with the processes of law creation and law implementation. The study reveals the main features, principles and significance of law-making in legal regulation from a theoretical and legal perspective. Furthermore, the scientific validity, systematic nature, consistency of law-making, and its compliance with the development of social relations in society are substantiated as important factors determining its effectiveness. The article formulates relevant conclusions regarding scientific approaches aimed at improving the law-making process and enhancing the quality and efficiency of adopted normative-legal acts.

This article analyzes the conceptual, legal, and institutional foundations for strengthening social and political trust between the state and society at the contemporary stage of development of New Uzbekistan. The study was prepared in accordance with an international academic structure, within which state–society trust is interpreted not merely as political rhetoric or unconditional approval of government decisions, but as a strategic internal resource that ensures the legitimacy, acceptance, and sustainability of ongoing reforms. The article examines the tripartite configuration of state–citizen–society relations, the principles of procedural justice, the architecture of digital trust, the role of the “Initiative Budget” and the mahalla institution, as well as the impact of anti-corruption measures on institutional trust. Based on the findings, a six-criterion model for assessing institutional trust in New Uzbekistan is developed. The article also proposes a formula for sustainable trust: “Outcome + Fair Process + Explanation + Opportunity for Correction.” Practical recommendations are put forward to further strengthen trust between the state and society.

This article examines the identification of conflict-of-laws connecting factors in private international law within the digital environment, with particular emphasis on the transformation of territoriality. It considers the limits of traditional connecting factors, including lex rei sitae, residence, establishment, place of conduct and place of damage, in relation to digital assets, platforms and decentralised technologies. Using doctrinal, comparative and functional legal analysis, the study proposes a three-stage approach that jointly evaluates factual, structural and functional links. The findings support not the abandonment of territoriality, but a reassessment of the conflict-of-laws relevance of geographical connections according to the function of the specific legal issue.

This article examines critical raw minerals, whose importance in the global economy and politics is growing because of their role in manufacturing and technology, as well as their potential to influence international relations. In addition, particular attention is paid to the position of the Central Asian region in the supply chain of these resources and to the regional cooperation initiatives being advanced. The author notes that not only the reserves of critical raw materials but also the capacity to extract and process them plays an extremely important role. The conclusion outlines the prospects for regional cooperation among the Central Asian states in the field of critical raw materials.

This conceptual study examines how interests in human capital can be reconciled. It distinguishes participation, epistemic justification and legitimacy. A multi-actor cycle of public reasoning and revision is proposed. The reciprocal  obligations of the state, education and civil society are specified.

This article conceptually examines the cognitive capacities, epistemic scope and limitations of phenomenological description and hermeneutic interpretation in understanding culture. It proposes a Three-Criterion Epistemic Coherence Model integrating experiential adequacy, contextual coherence and intersubjective justification. The model distinguishes description, interpretation and causal explanation, specifies conditions under which claims require additional evidence, and advances four theoretically testable propositions. The article is a conceptual study and does not claim empirical validation.

This article systematically analyzes Abu Rayhan Beruni's scientific and philosophical views on justice based on his main works. The study sheds light on the concept of justice not only as a moral or social category, but also as a methodological basis for the process of scientific knowledge, the principle of fidelity to the truth, and the criterion of cross-cultural scientific objectivity. The article reveals the scientific, epistemological and methodological content of the category of justice in the thinker's fundamental works, such as "India", “Monuments of Ancient Peoples”, “Geodesy”, “Mas'ud's Law”. In Beruni’s approach, justice means objectivity in scientific research, reliance on evidence, freedom from subjectivity, and an objective attitude towards different cultures and views.

The article examines the inter-branch legal nature of the state civil service and the problems of its codification in theoretical and comparative terms. Based on Russian, Polish, Azerbaijani and French doctrines, five criteria for assessing codification are proposed and a reforming institutional codification model for Uzbekistan is substantiated.

This article examines the institutional and practical dimensions of people-to-people diplomacy between Uzbekistan and Germany through the activities of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Uzbekistan. The Foundation’s cooperation with governmental and non-governmental organizations, civil society institutions, youth, experts, journalists and local governance representatives is assessed as a mechanism for promoting dialogue, education, expert exchange and public participation. Particular attention is paid to civic forums, international conferences, training programmes, public monitoring initiatives and cross-border dialogue projects. The analysis indicates that the Foundation’s activities complement official diplomacy, strengthen mutual trust and expand sustainable public and expert networks between Uzbekistan and Germany.

This article analyses historical data on the construction of the People’s House built in Bukhara in 1923–1925, its original functions and its museum exhibitions. The later condition of the building is examined, and the advantages of using it today as a museum are substantiated.

This article analyzes the living standards of the population and the state of the social sphere in Uzbekistan, particularly in the Navoi region, during the 1980s. Based on academic and statistical sources, it highlights the negative consequences of the Soviet administrative-command system and the cotton monopoly, declining household incomes, unemployment, and shortages of food and consumer goods. Furthermore, it examines problems with housing, drinking water, gas and electricity supply, violations of labor protection for women, and the infrastructure crisis in the healthcare and education systems. The analysis shows that amid rapid demographic growth, the material and technical base of the social sector failed to meet the population’s needs, leading to an overall decline in living standards in the republic.

Based on archival documents, statistical collections and periodicals, the article analyzes the development of the health care system of the Surkhandarya region in 1965–1980. It is shown that the quantitative growth of the network of medical institutions, hospital beds and medical personnel took place against the background of a deepening ecological crisis generated by cotton monoculture: massive use of pesticides and defoliants, soil salinization, and deterioration of drinking water quality. The contradiction between official indicators and the real state of health of the rural population – growth of anemia, hepatitis, intestinal infections, high infant mortality – is revealed. It is concluded that the accumulation of ecological and medical problems became one of the manifestations of the systemic crisis of the Soviet model of governance in the region.

Mediation is increasingly recognized as an effective mechanism of alternative dispute resolution in modern legal systems, particularly in the context of family and divorce proceedings. It enables spouses to resolve conflicts in a faster, less adversarial and more constructive manner. This article examines the concept and principles of mediation, its application in divorce proceedings, comparative analysis of foreign experience, and the current state of family mediation in Uzbekistan. Special attention is paid to professional requirements for mediators, existing challenges, and proposals for introducing mandatory pre-trial mediation in divorce cases in order to reduce courts’ workload and strengthen the culture of settlement.

This article provides a socio-philosophical analysis of the accessibility of public transport for blind people as a practical criterion of an inclusive society. Based on an analysis of scientific literature and regulatory legal documents, it examines the relationship between access to transport and personal independence, equal opportunities, and social participation. Accessing stops, identifying transport routes, receiving information during travel, and safely disembarking are considered as interconnected stages of a single process. The article substantiates the need to assess transport accessibility not only in terms of the availability of relevant facilities but also their actual functionality and the experiences of passengers. Recommendations are provided regarding audio information systems, tactile guidance, staff training, and assessments involving users.

This article examines the organizational and legal foundations of drafting and implementing internal departmental documents from a comparative legal perspective. It analyzes the powers of government authorities, lawmaking mechanisms, the legal nature of internal organizational documents, and their differences from documents that produce external legal effects. The study explores the experience of the United Kingdom and the United States of America, whose legal traditions are associated with the Anglo-Saxon (common law) legal family, as well as Germany, which belongs to the Romano-Germanic (civil law) legal family.

The findings indicate that mechanically transferring foreign practices into the legal system of Uzbekistan is not advisable. Nevertheless, certain mechanisms can be adapted to national conditions, including clearly defining the legal basis for internal documents, distinguishing their scope of application, strengthening legal review procedures, conducting periodic legal revisions of documents, and systematizing them through an electronic registry.

The article puts forward scientific and practical recommendations for classifying internal departmental documents into normative, organizational, individual, informational and reference, and temporary categories. It also proposes requiring each document to specify its legal basis for adoption, establishing validity periods for temporary documents, periodically reviewing documents of a permanent nature, and developing a unified electronic legal registry of internal departmental documents.

The article examines the organization of operational-search activities using a risk-based approach to detect the laundering of criminal proceeds. Challenges include high latency, similarity of laundering transactions to legitimate financial relations, and difficulty tracing criminal proceeds. The study applies formal legal, comparative legal, systemic and statistical methods, alongside analysis of law enforcement practice. Two operational situations are identified and a system of risk indicators is substantiated. An individual's financial profile is considered an operational-analytical tool, and the model "predicate offence, criminal proceeds, money laundering typology, risk indicator, operational-search measure" is proposed to prioritize risks and plan measures.