This article examines the theoretical and legal foundations of legal characterization (qualification) in private international law, and its major doctrinal approaches. A comparative evaluation between the traditional four-stage model and the functional two-stage model is conducted. Key doctrinal theories — lex fori, lex causae, and autonomous qualification — are analyzed through seminal judicial precedents and international instruments. In conclusion, concrete recommendations are proposed to amend Article 1159 of the Civil Code of Uzbekistan and incorporate functional qualification mechanisms.

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