This article explores the forms of land ownership and irrigated agriculture in the Kokan Khanate, a Central Asian state known for its agricultural prosperity. The study delves into the historical background of the Khanate and examines two predominant forms of land ownership: the Mir system and the Kasaba system. The Mir system involved communal ownership, with land allocated based on community needs and contributions. The Kasaba system, in contrast, represented private ownership by wealthy individuals who invested in large agricultural estates. The article also highlights the advanced irrigation systems in the region, emphasizing their role in sustaining agricultural productivity. Environmental challenges and the legacy of these land ownership systems and irrigation practices in the Kokan Khanate are also discussed. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the historical and agricultural landscape of the region.

At the end of the 19th century — the beginning of the 20th century, many different visits were made to the state of Iran by the Russian Empire. was to collect strategic materials. All such secret information caused the Russian state to increase and strengthen its sphere of influence in Asia. We know that at this time, Great Britainʼs influence on Iran was significant, and in order to prevent this, it was important to get closer to Iran in every way. It was possible to prevent the convergence. The collected data, unfortunately, are very different from each other, and the reason for this is that the official data available in the Iranian state is not accurate and unbiased. When the ambassadors compare the official documents with the available information, they encounter a lot of writing and cover the true information. For this reason, this source serves as a very valuable source for an unbiased study of the history of the Iranian state.

Relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran are not only affecting bilateral relations, but also changing regional political processes. It also led to the tension in their relations. Bilateral relations have caused not only economic and military tensions, but also sectarian tensions between Sunnis and Shiites