This article examines the religious beliefs of the ancient Phoenicians, their pantheon of gods, religious rituals, and the role of religion in social life. Phoenician religion was based on polytheism, in which deities such as Baal, Astarte, Melqart, Eshmun, and El occupied a prominent position. The article analyzes how each Phoenician city-state had its own patron deity and explores the connections between Phoenician religious beliefs and the cultures of Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and other civilizations of the Ancient Near East. It also discusses the myths of Baal and Adonis, the concept of the death and rebirth of nature, the activities of temples, and sacrificial rituals on the basis of historical sources. Furthermore, the article reveals that Phoenician religion had a profound influence not only on the spiritual life of the Phoenicians but also on their political, cultural, and commercial relations.

Phoenicia, religious beliefs, Baal, Astarte, Melqart, Eshmun, El, polytheism, Canaanite religion, Ancient Near East, temples, mythology, sacrificial rituals.

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