This article examines the role and distinct characteristics of the 9th-century Termiz school of Islamic learning in the development of Hanafi jurisprudence (fiqh) and Hadith traditions. The central focus of the study is a comparative analysis of the scholarly legacies of two paramount figures of this intellectual circle: Imam al-Tirmidhi and Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi. The research contrasts Imam al-Tirmidhi's contributions to systematizing the esoteric (zahir/legal) sciences, particularly comparative fiqh and Hadith methodology, with Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi's approach to uncovering the philosophical and spiritual dimensions of Islamic law (maqasid al-shari'ah) through esoteric (batin/mystical) wisdom (hikmah). The author argues that despite their methodological differences, the perspectives of these two scholars were not contradictory but rather formed a perfect synthesis that balanced law and spirituality within the Termiz academic milieu.

Termez, Hakimiya, apparent and hidden knowledge, Sihahisitta, hakim, indirect, hasan, gharib, hadith, fiqh, madrasa.

Uvatov, U. (2002). Movarounnahr va Xuroson olimlarining hadis ilmi rivojidagi roli (Buxoriy, Muslim, Termiziy) [The Role of Central Asian and Khurasanian Scholars in the Development of Hadith Science (Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi)]. PhD Dissertation Abstract. Tashkent: Tashkent Islamic University. 44 p.

Uvatov, U. (2005). Ikki buyuk donishmand (Abu Iso at-Termiziy, Al-Hakim at-Termiziy) [Two Great Sages: Abu Isa al-Tirmidhi and Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi]. Tashkent: Sharq Publishing House. 80 p.

Aminov, M., & Hasanov, F. (2010). Buyuk Ajdodlarimiz [Our Great Ancestors]. Tashkent: National Encyclopaedia of Uzbekistan State Scientific Publishing House. 208 p.

Tursunov, S., & Murtazoev, B. (2016). Termiziylarning ilmiy tafakkuri [The Scientific Thought of the Tirmidhi Scholars]. Tashkent: Uzbekistan Publishing House. 180 p.

Encyclopaedia Entries and Dictionaries

Oʻrta asr sharq allomalari va mutafakkirlarining tarixiy-falsafiy merosi ensiklopediyasi [Encyclopaedia of the Historical-Philosophical Heritage of Medieval Eastern Scholars and Thinkers]. (2016). Samarkand: Imam Bukhari International Centre. pp. 650–653.

Knysh, A. D. (1991). At-Tirmizi [Al-Tirmidhi]. In S. M. Prozorov (Ed.), Islam: entsiklopedicheskiy slovar [Islam: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary] (pp. 237–238). Moscow: Nauka, GRVL. 315 p. ISBN 5-02-016941-2.

Bibikova, O. (n.d.). At-Tirmizi [Al-Tirmidhi]. In Entsiklopediya "Krugosvet" [Encyclopaedia "Krugosvet"]. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016.

Kolodin, A. (n.d.). At-TIRMIZI al-Hakim Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ali [Al-Tirmidhi al-Hakim Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ali]. In Kultura very: putevoditel somnevayushchikhsya [Culture of Faith: A Guide for the Doubtful]. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.

Marquet, Y. (1960–2005). al-Tirmid̲h̲i. In P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, & W. P. Heinrichs (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed., Vols. 1–12). Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Homidiy, H. (2004). Tasavvuf allomalari [Sufi Scholars]. Tashkent: Sharq Publishing House. 208 p. Available at: https://ziyouz.uz/ilm-va-fan/din/abu-iso-at-termiziy/ and https://ziyouz.uz/ilm-va-fan/din/al-hakim-at-termiziy/