This article provides a source-based (historiographical and source studies) analysis of materials related to the development of the trade sector in Uzbekistan during the Soviet period. It also evaluates the reliability of sources and their research potential.

This article aims to clarify Ibn Sina’s concepts of God and the human being and to analyze their philosophical foundations. To accomplish this task, reference is made to the thinker’s reflections on this issue, particularly his metaphysical and anthropological doctrines. Ibn Sina’s philosophy is characterized by a distinctive methodological system in which the problem of existence is interpreted within a coherent theoretical framework.

The philosopher explains being — that is, all existing things, their origin, structure, interrelations, and transition from one state to another — through the principles of necessity (wājib), possibility (mumkin), actuality, and causality. These categories occupy a central place in his ontology and serve as the methodological basis for understanding the relationship between God and the human being.

Ibn Sina elaborated on these questions in a number of his works, including Ash-Shifo, An-Najot, Al-Ishorat va al-Tanbihat, Hayy ibn Yaqzon, and Ahval an-Nafs. In these writings, the essence of God as the Necessary Existent (Wājib al-Wujūd) and the status of the human being as the Possible Existent (Mumkin al-Wujūd) are examined on scientific and philosophical grounds.

This article discusses the formation of philosophical intelligence, the interrelation of dialectics and synergetic, the essence of the substantial concept of "energy" that unites dialectics and synergetic, the current theory of the study of nonlinear phenomena, a new interpretation of the world, and complex systemic processes in the natural and socio-economic sphere. In the interdisciplinary methodology, the linearity and nonlinearity of both simple and complex views of the world are analyzed as a manifestation of the linear approach in the formation of philosophical intelligence and synergetic thinking in social processes. It also covers the issues of human imagination moving beyond linear intuition and a linear worldview.

This article presents a comparative-philosophical analysis of social meaning and moral knowledge in the context of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language and Eastern peripatetic moral epistemology. The study examines how Wittgenstein’s concepts of “language games” and “forms of life” reveal the social and normative character of meaning, and compares these ideas with the peripatetic views of al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Ibn Rushd on intellect, morality, and spiritual knowledge. The analysis demonstrates that in both Western and Eastern philosophical traditions, social meaning and moral knowledge are formed not only through individual cognition but also through interaction with social, ethical, and cultural frameworks. The study contributes to the methodology of philosophical, cultural, and social-humanitarian research, highlighting the integrative potential of Eastern and Western epistemologies in understanding the social construction of meaning.