This article analyzes the civil law problems of creating derivative works using objects protected by copyright through generative artificial intelligence models. In particular, mass violations in the AI training process and the incompatibility of the "fair use" doctrine with national legislation are revealed. The research is based on international conventions, US court practice, and the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. To protect the rights of creators in the digital environment, practical legal proposals have been developed to introduce the "opt-out" mechanism, establish joint and several liability for damages, and implement collective digital licensing levies into the Civil Code and related legal acts.

The article analyzes information about the activities of court queens in the administration of the state and society during the Timurid era, their role in the appointment of state officials and the granting of management titles. The topic has been studied based on historical sources and scientific literature.

The article provides a comparative analysis of the experience of Germany, Norway, Denmark, the USA, Canada, France, the Netherlands, South Africa, Spain, China, Brazil, the European Union, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in organizing prosecutorial supervision over the enforcement of land legislation in the agricultural sector. Based on the role of the prosecutor's office in land relations, three functional models are identified: influence through supervisory bodies and courts, a mixed model, and a model of general prosecutorial supervision. The article substantiates the significance for Uzbekistan of mechanisms such as treating changes in land category as an exception, relying on objective criteria, specializing prosecutors and providing them with permanent technical support, claims aimed at land restoration, and using remote sensing data as grounds for inspection rather than as evidence. Scholarly views on the boundary between prosecutorial supervision and state land supervision are analyzed, and the author's meta-supervision approach is proposed.

This article analyzes attitudes toward blind individuals using public transport through the lenses of social stereotypes, personal independence, and civic responsibility. It distinguishes between stereotypes, behavioral attitudes, and service-related barriers, proposing a classification based on the pre-emptive limitation of opportunities, the homogenization of needs, and the exclusion of independence. The appropriateness of assistance is evaluated based on the passenger's consent, safety, and freedom of decision-making. The article differentiates the responsibilities of citizens, service personnel, and transport organizations, offering recommendations for fostering respectful interaction and developing accessible transport services.

This article analyzes the legal nature of the inviolability of private life, personal data, and family secrets, as well as the constitutional and legal foundations for their protection and the problems arising in practice. In the context of the accelerating processes of digitalization and the expanding legal relations associated with the collection, storage, processing, and dissemination of information concerning an individual’s private life, the article puts forward proposals aimed at improving national legislation, strengthening control over the processing of personal data, increasing citizens’ legal awareness, and enhancing procedural safeguards for the protection of information constituting a family secret.

This article analyzes the formation and development of urban culture in the Jizzakh Oasis, the history of its study in historiography, and the scientific findings of archaeological research conducted in the region. The study examines the position of the Jizzakh Oasis as the northwestern part of the historical and cultural region of Ustrushana, the relationship between urban and rural settlements in antiquity and the early Middle Ages, and the role of irrigated agriculture, crafts, trade, and defensive structures in the process of urbanization. The article concludes that urbanization in the Jizzakh Oasis was not a process involving the independent development of individual cities, but rather a complex historical process shaped by the interaction of urban and rural settlements, irrigation systems, crafts, trade, and political-administrative structures.

This article analyzes the social and living conditions of the rural population of the Fergana Valley during the Second World War. It examines demographic changes, labor mobilization, the role of women, elderly people and adolescents in agricultural production, material living conditions and humanitarian assistance provided to evacuated people.

The institution of the return of unjust enrichment in civil law is one of the important legal instruments ensuring fair regulation of property relations. The main objective of this institution is to restore the violated property balance by returning to the rightful owner property that has been аcquired or saved by one person at the expense of another person without a legal basis. This scientific study provides a comparative legal аnаlysis of the concept of unjust enrichment, its legal nature, grounds for occurrence, conditions for return, regulation under the civil legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, current issues of judicial practice, as well as the experience of Germany, France, and Russia.

The article analyzes the digitalization of justice services in the Surkhandarya region during 2017–2025 in connection with the processes of E-notary, E-Civil Registry Office, the Unified Interactive Public Services Portal, interagency electronic cooperation, and the centralization of legal services. The study evaluates digitalization not as a simple technological innovation, but as a historical-institutional process that has transformed document circulation, archive management, notarial acts, civil status records, handling of applications, service quality, and legal culture. In the Surkhandarya region, the high proportion of the rural population, the distance between districts, the active use of family-legal documents, and issues related to inheritance and migration have strengthened the social necessity of digital justice services. The article also highlights that complete district-level digital statistics are insufficient in open sources and substantiates the necessity of involving departmental reports, archival data, and service quality indicators for scientific research.

The article examines the prevention of radicalization under the guise of religion among young people and the reduction of its negative effects through the relationship between independent thinking, moral responsibility and social ties. Religious belief is distinguished from an ideology that justifies violence, while the preventive roles of education, critical thinking, media literacy and meaningful social participation are explored. Systemic and conceptual analysis informs an integrated model linking universal, selective and individual support with rehabilitation and reintegration. The model brings protective measures into a shared framework with young people’s agency, rights and institutional cooperation.

The article examines the constitutional and institutional formation of the administrative court system in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Five stages of administrative justice development are identified, their normative foundations and impact on judicial protection of human rights are analysed, and conclusions for improving the system are proposed.

The article compares digital indicators and the recognition of personal  potential. Eight sources inform a distinction between data, interpretation, decision, and recognition. Numerical precision is separated from justified educational judgment. An audit of indicator scope, context, and opportunities to challenge decisions is proposed.

This article analyzes the constitutional and legal guarantees aimed at ensuring human rights and freedoms enshrined in the new edition of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to the direct applicability of human rights and freedoms, the inviolability of human dignity, the principle of proportionality in relations between individuals and public authorities, the interpretation of legal ambiguities in favor of the individual, judicial protection of rights and state responsibility for unlawful decisions and actions of public authorities. The article also considers the positive obligations of the state in ensuring personal, social and digital rights and formulates proposals for improving the practical implementation of constitutional guarantees.

This article analyzes the foreign trade relations that developed during the early years following the Republic of Uzbekistan’s attainment of state independence, particularly in 1991–1993. The study focuses primarily on Uzbekistan’s trade and economic relations with the former Soviet republics and the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), as well as Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan. It examines export and import volumes, imports of certain food products, the trade balance across various industrial sectors, and changes in trade indicators involving South Asian countries.

This article comprehensively highlights the conceptual evolution of the category of contingency (chance) in Western European philosophy of the 16th–19th centuries, its role in scientific cognition, and its dialectical connection with necessity. Within the framework of the study, a comparative analysis of the views of great thinkers such as G.W. Leibniz, T. Hobbes, F. Bacon, Voltaire, P. Holbach, L.M. Deshan, G. Hegel, and S. Kierkegaard is carried out. The text logically substantiates that contingency is not merely ignorance or causelessness, but a dialectical process with objective foundations, also highlighting its significance in accelerating scientific discoveries and its aspects related to infinity.

The article analyzes the structural transformations of the concept of human dignity in the context of artificial intelligence technologies and digital society from a socio-philosophical perspective. The aim of the study is to identify the stages of transformation of human dignity from its classical philosophical interpretations to the contemporary algorithmic-digital environment and to reveal its axiological, ontological, and socio-institutional foundations. The findings of the study, conducted on the basis of philosophical-analytical, axiological, and systemic approaches, demonstrate that artificial intelligence necessitates a reinterpretation of human dignity not only as a legal and ethical concept but also as a dynamic, multidimensional social phenomenon shaped through technological mediation. Based on recent research, the article proposes ethical and legal mechanisms for preserving and developing human dignity in the context of digitalization and the increasing use of artificial intelligence technologies.

This article examines the increasing structural complexity of the system of youth interests in society under conditions of reform, as well as the political-philosophical and sociological foundations for balancing these interests. The epistemological essence of the concept of “interest” is comparatively analyzed through the perspectives of Uzbek lexicography, the French Enlightenment thinkers, German classical philosophy, and the conceptual approaches of local scholars. The article explores the system of youth interests as a distinct social stratum and identifies the objective sources of intersubjective conflicts arising under conditions of limited resources and social expectations. In conclusion, the author proposes original approaches to mechanisms for ensuring the consistency, legitimacy, and social stability of reforms by balancing the economic, social, and spiritual dimensions of youth interests.

The article examines the transformation of Uzbekistan’s cooperation with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia in renewable energy from a predominantly investment-based interaction into a broader mechanism of energy diplomacy. The study focuses on the political and institutional role of high-level dialogue, public-private partnership instruments and major corporate actors in implementing solar, wind, energy storage, grid and green hydrogen projects. It is argued that the current model creates a new form of infrastructure interdependence that links foreign policy priorities with domestic energy-security goals. The article identifies the concentration of cooperation around a limited number of partner states and companies, insufficient multilateral institutionalisation at the Uzbekistan–GCC level, and the need to complement capital inflows with technology transfer, localisation and human-capital development. A three-stage analytical model is proposed: investment energy diplomacy, infrastructure energy diplomacy and regional energy diplomacy.

The article compares five lines of interpretation of the national-territorial delimitation of Central Asia in 1924 found in Soviet, Western, Uzbekistani and neighbouring historiography and tests them against one document: the Theses of the Central Committee of the Bukharan Communist Party, adopted on 25 February 1924 and published from the archival original by A. Khalid. A corpus of 41 research positions is read with three questions: who initiated the proposal, what aims were stated and what territorial logic was proposed. The lines prove complementary in evidence and competing in the weight they assign to the participants; the delimitation gave state form to an existing self-designation rather than created it.

Drawing on archival documents and on the work of Russian and Western scholars, this article analyzes the socio-political processes associated with the establishment of sanitary enlightenment in Uzbekistan in the 1920s–1930s. It traces how sanitary enlightenment developed from anti-epidemic measures on the Turkestan Front into an institutional system built around a sanitary enlightenment department and a network of houses of sanitary enlightenment. The article examines the means of propaganda – leaflets, posters, brochures, agitation trains, mobile units and films – and their distribution across languages and territories. It argues that the Soviet authorities regarded sanitary enlightenment not as a purely medical-hygienic task but as an ideological and political project, using it, among other things, as a means of combating religion and the traditional customs of the population. It also shows that financial constraints and the gap between town and countryside limited the practical effectiveness of this policy. The study identifies three stages in the development of the sanitary enlightenment system.

This scientific article comprehensively examines the essence of the concept of social activity, its genesis, socio-philosophical and sociological nature, as well as the principles of methodological analysis. It reveals the forms of manifestation of social activity, its subjective and objective determinants, and its structural-functional, axiological, and synergetic criteria under modern societal transformation and digitalization. The article proposes a multi-level (micro, meso, macro) methodological model for assessing social activity, consisting of scientific conclusions aimed at enhancing interactive interconnectedness between the individual and society as well as promoting constructive activity.

Drawing on comparative legal, analytical and historical methods, the article examines the legislation and institutional practice of nine countries: the USA, the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Japan, South Korea and Australia. The aim is to derive from this experience conclusions applicable to the improvement of Uzbek legislation. The analysis shows that systems belonging to different legal families rely on a closely similar set of instruments: an individual plan documenting the support provided to the learner, tiered support, a school-level coordinator, a legal form of interagency cooperation, and procedural safeguards for parents. The conclusions may be applied in improving national legislation and shaping education policy.

Socially dangerous phenomena, manifestations of deviant and delinquent behavior, aggression, anomie, and the phenomenon of moral degradation act as destructive factors posing a most serious threat to the institutional stability and spiritual-cultural development of any society. The cultural and spiritual-civilizational development of a society is determined not merely by material infrastructure or economic indicators, but above all by the population's system of values, moral self-regulation, level of social trust, and awareness of cultural identity. When socially dangerous manifestations acquire a systemic character in society, they primarily undermine social capital and the spiritual foundation from within, obstructing the vector of the society's prospective development. This article comprehensively describes the complex and multifaceted negative impact of socially dangerous behavior and phenomena on the spiritual and cultural sphere of society from philosophical, sociological, culturological, and psychological perspectives.

Inviolability is the core element of the legal regime of diplomatic immunities and privileges, yet it is often conflated with immunity from jurisdiction. This article examines the doctrine of inviolability in international and domestic law. Using doctrinal, comparative-legal and systemic methods, it analyses the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, the 1946 and 1947 Conventions on the privileges and immunities of the United Nations and its specialized agencies, judicial and State practice, and the legislation of Uzbekistan. The article distinguishes personal inviolability, inviolability of premises, and inviolability of correspondence, archives and documents; addresses the insufficiently studied question of the inviolability of diplomatic vehicles; and considers how the doctrine is implemented in domestic law, in particular in Uzbekistan. The discussion turns to the limits of inviolability, to incidents involving diplomatic missions and international organizations, and to concerns about abuse. It is concluded that inviolability, although not free of challenges, remains an indispensable guarantee of the functioning of diplomatic relations and international organizations.

The article analyzes the socio-political, cultural and philosophical environment that took shape in the Emirate of Bukhara in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in close connection with historical and cultural processes. One of the main sources of the study is Muhammadjon Shakuri Bukhoroi’s work “Fitnai inqilob dar Bukhoro”, which covers the political situation of the Emirate of Bukhara under the protectorate of the Russian Empire, the emirate’s system of government, social injustice, the enlightenment movement, Jadidism, the scholarly and literary circle around Ahmad Donish and Sadri Ziyo, new-method schools, and the emergence of the periodical press.

This study is devoted to a theoretical and scientific analysis of the influence of Erkin Yusupov’s literary works on the spiritual and educational development of young people. The research examines the essence and significance of the national and universal values, patriotism, humanism, moral integrity, spiritual maturity, and the ideal of the well-rounded individual reflected in the writer’s works. Furthermore, it analyzes the role of Erkin Yusupov’s literary heritage in shaping the worldview of the younger generation, fostering independent and critical thinking skills, promoting a culture of reading, and strengthening national identity. The study employs literary analysis as well as comparative and systematic research approaches. The findings demonstrate the scientific and practical significance of Erkin Yusupov’s works in educating young people as spiritually mature, intellectually capable, and socially responsible individuals with a strong sense of civic consciousness.

This article analyzes the reflection of the ancient Turkic worldview, concepts of the universe, and nature within folk applied arts and traditional ornaments. The study reveals that ornaments were not merely decorative elements, but served as a sacred symbolic system representing the three-tiered cosmic model (upper, middle, and lower worlds), the Tree of Life cult, astral beliefs (sun, moon, stars), and totemic traditions (wolf, horse, eagle, etc.). Furthermore, the paper examines the cosmogonic and protective semantics of Uzbek traditional skullcaps (do‘ppi) and the cultural transformation of these mythological symbols after the introduction of Islam, supported by historical sources.

The article highlights the organization and development of customs authorities in the territory of our country, the procedure and methods of customs clearance of goods, the stages of historical development of the amount of customs payments for goods, the history of responsibility for crimes related to the smuggling of currency and jewelry, as well as proposals for analyzing the stages of historical development.

This article analyzes the institutional role of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) in the development of the cultural diplomacy of the Turkic world, as well as its evolution and integrative impact. The aim of the article is to identify the complementarity, practical results and prospects of cultural diplomacy and the mechanisms of the OTS. Qualitative case study, process tracing and focused content analysis were applied to official declarations, speeches of heads of state, documents of international organizations and academic literature. The activities, main functions and results of the institutional structures within the OTS are analyzed in comparison with other similar platforms.

This article examines issues of peace and the role fundamental human rights and freedoms in maintaining peace in international humanitarian law and Islamic international law, including the origins and development of international humanitarian law and it’s similarities with Islamic international law. The main types of human rights and freedoms in Islam are presented.

This article analyzes the constitutional and legal guarantees aimed at ensuring human rights and freedoms enshrined in the new edition of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to the direct applicability of human rights and freedoms, the inviolability of human dignity, the principle of proportionality in relations between individuals and public authorities, the interpretation of legal ambiguities in favor of the individual, judicial protection of rights and state responsibility for unlawful decisions and actions of public authorities. The article also considers the positive obligations of the state in ensuring personal, social and digital rights and formulates proposals for improving the practical implementation of constitutional guarantees.

This article examines the identification of conflict-of-laws connecting factors in private international law within the digital environment, with particular emphasis on the transformation of territoriality. It considers the limits of traditional connecting factors, including lex rei sitae, residence, establishment, place of conduct and place of damage, in relation to digital assets, platforms and decentralised technologies. Using doctrinal, comparative and functional legal analysis, the study proposes a three-stage approach that jointly evaluates factual, structural and functional links. The findings support not the abandonment of territoriality, but a reassessment of the conflict-of-laws relevance of geographical connections according to the function of the specific legal issue.

This article examines critical raw minerals, whose importance in the global economy and politics is growing because of their role in manufacturing and technology, as well as their potential to influence international relations. In addition, particular attention is paid to the position of the Central Asian region in the supply chain of these resources and to the regional cooperation initiatives being advanced. The author notes that not only the reserves of critical raw materials but also the capacity to extract and process them plays an extremely important role. The conclusion outlines the prospects for regional cooperation among the Central Asian states in the field of critical raw materials.

This conceptual study examines how interests in human capital can be reconciled. It distinguishes participation, epistemic justification and legitimacy. A multi-actor cycle of public reasoning and revision is proposed. The reciprocal  obligations of the state, education and civil society are specified.

The article examines the inter-branch legal nature of the state civil service and the problems of its codification in theoretical and comparative terms. Based on Russian, Polish, Azerbaijani and French doctrines, five criteria for assessing codification are proposed and a reforming institutional codification model for Uzbekistan is substantiated.

This article examines the institutional and practical dimensions of people-to-people diplomacy between Uzbekistan and Germany through the activities of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Uzbekistan. The Foundation’s cooperation with governmental and non-governmental organizations, civil society institutions, youth, experts, journalists and local governance representatives is assessed as a mechanism for promoting dialogue, education, expert exchange and public participation. Particular attention is paid to civic forums, international conferences, training programmes, public monitoring initiatives and cross-border dialogue projects. The analysis indicates that the Foundation’s activities complement official diplomacy, strengthen mutual trust and expand sustainable public and expert networks between Uzbekistan and Germany.

Based on archival documents, statistical collections and periodicals, the article analyzes the development of the health care system of the Surkhandarya region in 1965–1980. It is shown that the quantitative growth of the network of medical institutions, hospital beds and medical personnel took place against the background of a deepening ecological crisis generated by cotton monoculture: massive use of pesticides and defoliants, soil salinization, and deterioration of drinking water quality. The contradiction between official indicators and the real state of health of the rural population – growth of anemia, hepatitis, intestinal infections, high infant mortality – is revealed. It is concluded that the accumulation of ecological and medical problems became one of the manifestations of the systemic crisis of the Soviet model of governance in the region.

Mediation is increasingly recognized as an effective mechanism of alternative dispute resolution in modern legal systems, particularly in the context of family and divorce proceedings. It enables spouses to resolve conflicts in a faster, less adversarial and more constructive manner. This article examines the concept and principles of mediation, its application in divorce proceedings, comparative analysis of foreign experience, and the current state of family mediation in Uzbekistan. Special attention is paid to professional requirements for mediators, existing challenges, and proposals for introducing mandatory pre-trial mediation in divorce cases in order to reduce courts’ workload and strengthen the culture of settlement.

This article provides a socio-philosophical analysis of the accessibility of public transport for blind people as a practical criterion of an inclusive society. Based on an analysis of scientific literature and regulatory legal documents, it examines the relationship between access to transport and personal independence, equal opportunities, and social participation. Accessing stops, identifying transport routes, receiving information during travel, and safely disembarking are considered as interconnected stages of a single process. The article substantiates the need to assess transport accessibility not only in terms of the availability of relevant facilities but also their actual functionality and the experiences of passengers. Recommendations are provided regarding audio information systems, tactile guidance, staff training, and assessments involving users.