This article analyzes how information related to the social and everyday life of the population in the Surkhandarya region is presented in the periodical press, as well as the contribution of writers and journalists to this process. The study examines methods of covering social issues in local newspapers and magazines such as “Surxon Tongi,” “Termiz Ovozi,” “Denov Sadosi,” “Boysun Hayoti,” “Sho‘rchi Hayoti,” and others. Additionally, the article explores the role of regional writers and journalists in highlighting social problems, shaping public awareness, and promoting everyday social issues.

This article discusses the administrative system of the Shahrisabz beklik, which was considered one of the important socio-political, economic, and cultural centers of the Bukhara Emirate in the second half of the 19th century.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the institution of unnamed and mixed contracts in the field of sports from the perspective of civil law. Labor/civil contracts between professional athletes and clubs, the legal nature of football player transfer agreements, and advertising and sponsorship contracts involving athletes are considered as legal constructions belonging to the group of mixed and unnamed contracts. Comparative analysis is conducted based on the legislation of the USA, the United Kingdom, Russia, other CIS countries, and Uzbekistan, as well as FIFA’s “Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players” (RSTP). Based on scientific and practical analysis, it is argued that a football player transfer is not the “sale of goods,” but an unnamed civil-law contract concerning the transfer of entitlement rights between clubs and the registration of the athlete.

This scientific article analyzes the social and educational activity of women in the Jadidist movement in Turkestan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For many years, the activities of mainly male Jadidists - thinkers such as M. Behbudiy, A. Fitrat, A. Avloniy - have been studied as the main driving force of this movement. As a result, the traditional view was formed that Jadidism was an exclusively male movement. However, modern historical research and newly discovered sources show that the practical implementation of the ideas of national revival, including the establishment of new method schools, the development of the press, and charitable work, was a process that would not have been possible without the active participation of female Jadids. The article rejects the traditional view that Jadidism was an exclusively male movement and aims to scientifically substantiate the decisive role of female Jadids in the process of national revival, the elimination of illiteracy, and the modernization of society.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the political and institutional mechanisms embedded in the digital government models of Estonia and South Korea, highlighting their theoretical and practical significance for improving the efficiency of public administration. The study conducts a comparative assessment of the two countries’ experiences based on key criteria such as interactivity, transparency, accountability, data governance, open data policy, and citizen participation. Furthermore, the article identifies the differences between Estonia’s infrastructure-centered model (X-Road, eID) and South Korea’s platform-oriented approach (e-People, KONEPS, Gov24), and scientifically evaluates the prospects for adapting these models to the context of Uzbekistan. The findings offer concrete recommendations for modernizing public administration, strengthening citizen engagement, and enhancing open and accountable governance mechanisms within the framework of the “Uzbekistan – 2030” strategy.

After the retreat of marine waters from Central Asia during the Cenozoic era, the runoff from mountain streams created favorable conditions for the development of the region’s flora and fauna. Following Russia’s conquest of Turkestan, the resettlement of Russians to the region was regarded as “a matter of state importance.” As attention to the expansion of cotton cultivation increased, irrigation canals were constructed in the Mirzachul steppe as well. However, the measures initiated by the colonial administration—undertaken without proper consideration of the natural and soil characteristics of Mirzachul—failed to produce the expected results.

This article analyzes the restoration and development of the socio-economic life in the 1950s in the Mitan, Forish, and Dargom districts based on archival documents. It is shown that the difficulties following World War II, resource shortages, and the deterioration of technical infrastructure led to a slowdown in production in these areas, particularly a decline in livestock productivity due to the failure to meet fodder production plans. Furthermore, the increase in the local budget of the Dargom district, as well as the provision of allowances and awards to large families, indicates the development of the social protection system. Special attention is also emphasized on the expansion of medical services to preserve the health of workers and improve labor productivity. The article reveals the complexity of the economic and social recovery process in these regions.

This article examines the concept of ethical views of ar-Razi. According to the thinker, reason plays a comprehensive and special role in the life of a person, who is the only intelligent being on earth. Thinker, having analyzed the nature, dryness and existence of passion comes to an unambiguous and final conclusion that the nature of passion is regional. The real ratio of parts of the soul is far from ideal. Category such as "love" and "affection", an essential place is in the ethical teachings of the thinker. Ar-Razi considers all spheres of being as a field of human activity - a rational and moral creature capable of subordinating his actions to the motives of good. The meaning of human life. according to ar-Razi lies in the ability to distinguish between good and evil in the world.

This article analyzes the role and importance of architectural monuments in the development of pilgrimage tourism in the Kashkadarya region. It covers the historical, cultural and religious aspects of ancient architectural monuments in the region, their role as a spiritual value for pilgrims on a scientific basis. Architectural monuments in Kashkadarya are evaluated not only as a religious and spiritual center, but also as a factor in regional economic development and the development of international tourism relations.

This article discusses modern teaching technologies and the methodological approaches associated with them, aimed at creating favorable conditions for forming essential knowledge, important regularities, and numerous fundamental concepts in teachers in a relatively easy, in-depth, and sustainable manner.

The article examines the problem of human self-identification in the new social reality, the transformation of identification strategies as a response to the challenges of modernity, its forms, features, structural levels, meaning and consequences.

This article analyzes the role and significance of social networks in shaping public opinion through religious content. It examines the positive and negative effects of social media on the development of religious consciousness, effective methods of utilizing these platforms, and their role in strengthening a healthy religious environment in society, all based on scientific evidence.

This article discusses the features of the functional capabilities of the new Uzbekistan state mechanism. In recent years, deep reforms have been carried out in the system of public administration of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The main goal of these reforms is to make the state mechanism more effective, transparent, and human-centered. The state mechanism of New Uzbekistan not only includes modern management principles, but also serves to form the country as a competitive state in the international arena at a new stage of development.

This article examines the legal grounds for exempting minors from criminal liability or punishment, the specific legal nature of such exemptions, and the approaches reflected in current national and foreign legislation. It also analyzes the opinions and scholarly contributions of researchers who have studied this issue. Special emphasis is placed on the role of minors’ psychological characteristics, their level of social development, as well as the circumstances and causes of the offense in determining whether a minor may be released from criminal liability.

This article provides a philosophical analysis of the role of harmony between religious and secular values in ensuring social stability. The study examines the moral and spiritual potential of religious values alongside the legal and institutional significance of secular values, highlighting their complementary functions within society. Drawing on the intellectual heritage of Eastern scholars and modern philosophical approaches, the paper substantiates the importance of value balance in promoting social stability, civic solidarity, and spiritual security. The findings are of theoretical and practical significance for developing contemporary socio-spiritual policies.

This article analyzes the historical formation of social rights along with their philosophical, legal, and political foundations. It highlights the stages of development—from ancient times to the modern international legal system—examining key ideological sources and the process of institutionalizing social rights through national and international documents.

This article analyzes the place and significance of custom and tradition as important auxiliary sources of Islamic law. Custom, which is continuously repeated in social life and accepted as a general practice, serves as an important criterion in the formation of jurisprudential rulings. In the Hanafi school, custom–based on the Qur’anic and Prophetic concept of maʿruf–is not only an auxiliary source, but is also applied as a primary criterion in determining many practical rulings. The article discusses types of custom such as verbal and practical custom, general and specific custom, sound and corrupt custom, fixed and variable custom, as well as the necessary conditions for considering custom in legal rulings. The jurisprudential significance of custom, its role in regulating social relations, and its function in ensuring the objectives of Sharia–justice, ease, and benefit–are examined on a scientific basis.

This article covers the concept of bioaesthetics and its essence, form and movement harmony. The relationship between the concepts of form and movement is shown, and bioaesthetics is a science that studies beauty. It was shown through comparative analysis that bioaesthetics is a component of aesthetics, beauty and its laws cannot be understood without aesthetic knowledge.

Many works on the science of hadith were created in the Ottoman Empire. One of these works is “Lataif un-Nabi” by Akhmad Tashkuprizada, which contains the jokes of our Prophet. This work, which collects the jokes of our Prophet, gives us information about how our attitude and behavior should be towards jokes. The work contains forty hadith commentaries. This work helps to determine the place and level of humor in Islamic ethics. The article provides detailed information about this.

This article explores the concept and essence of the welfare (social) state, its historical evolution, and its contemporary role within democratic societies. It analyzes the core features of a social state, including the guarantee of citizens’ rights, the development of social protection systems, equitable distribution policies, state responsibility, and mechanisms for ensuring sustainable public welfare. The study also examines Uzbekistan’s prospects for developing as a social state and the reforms aimed at improving citizens’ well-being.

This article analyzes the process of forming an individual's intellectual culture from a socio-philosophical perspective. It is substantiated that intellectual culture is inextricably linked with the level of development of human thinking, the content of cognitive activity, and the system of spiritual values. The study separately highlights the role of education, openness of the information environment, digital technologies, and creative thinking in the formation of intellectual culture. It is also emphasized that increasing the intellectual potential of the individual is connected with the innovative development of society. According to the results of the article, the harmony of the social environment, the education system, and cultural values is defined as an important factor in the development of intellectual culture.

The article examines the role of qualified personnel as the intellectual driving force behind green development. It emphasizes that the transition to a sustainable economy is impossible without a system of training professionals equipped with ecological thinking, digital skills, and innovative technologies. The author analyzes state and international initiatives in “green education” and professional retraining and highlights successful models of integrating sustainability principles into the educational process. Special attention is paid to Uzbekistan’s experience, where programs are implemented for training specialists in renewable energy, ecotourism, and environmental management. The study substantiates the need to create an intellectual ecosystem fostering human capital as the main driver of the green economy.

This article examines the socio-philosophical role of women within the Jadid movement of early twentieth-century Turkestan through the life of Maryam Sultonmurodova. The study focuses on enlightenment ideals, women’s pursuit of education abroad, and the tragic consequences of repression under a totalitarian regime. Maryam Sultonmurodova’s life is interpreted as a model of dedication, moral courage, and national responsibility.

The article briefly describes the most prominent figures among the Turkestan Poles who, by the will of fate, found themselves in the region and took an active part in the study and exploration of the Pamirs.

This article analyzes the role of the family and education system in ensuring youth social mobility based on modern theoretical concepts. The theoretical framework draws on P. Sorokin’s Social Mobility concept and A. Giddens’ Structuration Theory, as well as the ideas of British and German scholars such as J. Goldthorpe, A. Heath, U. Beck, and R. Dahrendorf on stratification and equality of opportunity. In addition, studies by A. Yunusov, B. Tojiboyev, T. Norboyeva, and M. Kukhterina are examined in the context of family resources—economic, cultural, and social capital—and their interaction with educational institutions (early childhood education, general secondary, higher, and vocational education).

In the article, the author, from a scientific and theoretical position, examined the system of criminal penalties applied during the period of Zoroastrianism on the territory of Uzbekistan. In particular, the types and composition of punishments used during this period were studied, the features of their application and purposes were examined, the results of scientific research, the views and approaches of scientists and researchers regarding the classification of punishments for crimes in the Avesta were analyzed. Based on the results of the study, relevant scientific and theoretical conclusions are presented.

The article analyzes the scientific heritage of encyclopedic scholars of Central Asia and their contribution to the development of world science. The main focus is on the works of Oriental scholars, the processes of preserving and cataloging their manuscripts, as well as the dissemination of scientific heritage in international sources. Through the article, modern research on the works of encyclopedic scholars, their valuable scientific significance, and opportunities for future scientific studies are presented.

This article analyzes the process of formation of the concept of the social state in modern Uzbekistan, its theoretical and philosophical foundations and practical problems. The author highlights the principles of social justice, human dignity and civic responsibility as central criteria of social policy. Also, the issues of balance between economic reforms and social stability, participation of civil society and development of social capital are studied from a philosophical point of view. The article substantiates the future prospects of the social state - the need to develop human capital, introduce the principle of subsidiarity, and make justice and trust the stable foundation of the social system.

Studying the history of administrative-territorial changes in the Surkhandarya district (region) is of significant scientific and practical importance, not only for researching the region's history but also for identifying the stages in the formation of the modern territorial governance system. This article analyzes the administrative-territorial reforms carried out in Surkhandarya, as well as their content and essence.

The article analyzes the role and significance of public oversight in the activities of civil society institutions. It highlights the importance of ensuring openness and transparency in public administration, strengthening citizens’ participation in social processes, and integrating public needs into state policy through mechanisms of public control. The practical effectiveness of public hearings, monitoring, and expertise, as well as existing challenges and ways to address them, are examined on the basis of legal sources and scientific research. The results of the study demonstrate that public oversight, as an independent actor of civil society institutions, serves as an important democratic tool in governing society.

This article describes the development of society, the issue of fire and safety in the social life of mankind, the fact that its provision is one of the urgent tasks before society, the history of the introduction of the safety system in society, the components of the structures of society dealing with the issue of safety, the stages of the system's formation and development.

This article discusses the features of the functional capabilities of the new Uzbekistan state mechanism. In recent years, deep reforms have been carried out in the system of public administration of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The main goal of these reforms is to make the state mechanism more effective, transparent, and human-centered. The state mechanism of New Uzbekistan not only includes modern management principles, but also serves to form the country as a competitive state in the international arena at a new stage of development.

the article analyzes the emergence of Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity, Manichaeism, Shamanism, and Tengrism, their spread in Central Asia, their sources, their relationship with the state, and the social relations regulated by their norms. It also explores the essence and significance of interfaith relations in the region and draws relevant conclusions.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the theoretical and practical foundations for enhancing the legal awareness and legal culture of youth amid globalization processes, the rapid development of information and communication technologies, transnational threats, ideological pressures, and the expansion of virtual manipulative environments.

In the context of modern globalization and digital transformation, cybersecurity and cyberethics have gained significant importance at both global and national levels. International organizations such as the UN, UNESCO, and the European Union have developed cyberethics codes and normative documents that define essential principles such as cybersecurity, information freedom, and personal privacy. This article explores how Uzbekistan's digital policies and ethical principles respond to global standards, as well as the changes occurring based on national cultural and social characteristics, and the practical significance of international cyberethics codes. The article aims to analyze the alignment of Uzbekistan's cybersecurity policies with international principles and to propose necessary recommendations for further developing cybersecurity in the future.

This article analyzes the process of digitalization in Uzbekistan’s judicial system and its impact on compliance with procedural deadlines. The study highlights the role of the E-SUD electronic system, online court hearings, and automated monitoring mechanisms in improving judicial efficiency. It also discusses technical, legal, and organizational challenges and suggests solutions. The author concludes that digital transformation in the judiciary strengthens procedural discipline, reduces human error, and ensures timely access to justice.

This article analyzes the processes of social differentiation of the urban population in Uzbekistan from the late 15th to the early 17th centuries based on a historical and source-based approach. The study relies on the scholarly legacy of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor R. G. Mukminova. Particular attention is paid to the social status of craftsmen, their role in the economic structure of medieval cities, and their dependence on feudal lords, merchants, and moneylenders. Using written, archaeological, ethnographic, and numismatic sources, the article reveals the characteristics of social and property stratification in medieval urban society.

The article analyzes the culture of speech, neighborly relations, and the virtue of hospitality in Islamic teachings as essential components of faith. Speech etiquette is presented as a criterion reflecting the spiritual maturity and level of belief of a Muslim individual. In addition, based on the sayings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) regarding proper use of language, avoiding harm to others, and honoring guests, the ideas of social harmony and moral unity are examined. The article reveals the role and contemporary significance of these virtues in strengthening the moral environment of society.

This article examines the culture and strategic approaches of civil servants in responding to inconvenient and provocative questions during interactions with the mass media. Drawing on international experience, the study explores various tactical models of handling provocative inquiries. Furthermore, the legal foundations of media cooperation and information disclosure within the framework of the legislation of Uzbekistan are analyzed.

The article examines the functioning of the healthcare system of the Namangan region during the Second World War, the spread of rashes and malaria among the population of the republic and the region, the issue of training personnel in medical institutions of the Uzbek SSR, training of medical personnel in short-term courses, as well as the population's need for medicines, for the population of the region the activities of the built hospitals are covered based on the analysis of primary documents.

This article analyzes the activities of Orthodox churches in the country after Uzbekistan gained independence, their legal status and role in public life. The study covers the issues of reorganization of Orthodox communities, restoration of churches and opening of new religious centers on the example of Samarkand region. It also analyzes cooperation between the state and the church, practical results of the policy of religious tolerance, and the cultural and architectural significance of the Orthodox heritage.

The article analyzes the reforms implemented in Uzbekistan to ensure and protect the rights of persons with disabilities, the legislative framework, and the role of prosecutorial oversight. Particular attention is given to the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and national legislation, directions for their improvement, and the tasks of prosecution bodies in ensuring legality and oversight mechanisms. Existing challenges are identified, and recommendations for their resolution are proposed.

This article examines the state of educational work, the health of pupils and sanitation and hygiene, and analyzes the personnel issue in orphanages in Uzbekistan in 1930-1991. During the Soviet period, the most problematic issue was the lack of personnel in orphanages.

The article provides a detailed analysis of the concept of a disability indicator and issues related to its classification. Although the notion of a person with a disability is generally recognized, the specific indicators of disability differ. For example, individuals with visual impairments, individuals with hearing impairments, persons with physical disabilities, and others. These conditions are identified as disability indicators. In this sense, a disability indicator reflects a particular health-related problem of a person with a disability. The article also presents a scholarly-theoretical and comparative analysis of academic approaches to disability indicators. The author proposes original definitions regarding the concept of disability and its classification.

China, with its rich history and spiritual heritage, is recognized as one of the cradles of world civilization. Over the centuries, various religious traditions developed on this land, forming great moral and cultural values. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam also spread in this region and influenced the cultural life of the peoples living in China. This article discusses the history of the spread of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam in China, their impact on the country’s political, economic, and spiritual life, as well as the condition of these religions in the 17th–18th centuries.

This article examines the ongoing reforms in the education system of New Uzbekistan, with special attention to the modernization of vocational education, the improvement of continuous learning, and the enhancement of workforce training quality. It analyzes the socio-economic significance of vocational education, its role in shaping an innovative economy, and its integration with labor market demands. The study also highlights the importance of developing national identity and intellectual capacity through education. Furthermore, the indispensable role of philosophy in forming broad-minded, socially responsible, and intellectually mature specialists is substantiated. The article emphasizes a synergistic approach to developing an effective educational strategy based on the harmony of national values and global scientific advancement.

This article analyzes the essence of innovative thinking, its role and importance in society's development. The impact of innovative thinking on economic, social, and spiritual development is revealed. The strategic importance of innovative thinking in the context of globalization and digital development is also substantiated.

The article analyzes the role of Imam Abu Mansur al-Maturidi’s teachers in his intellectual formation, as well as the information about them found in historical sources. The views of scholars such as Abul Muin al-Nasafi, Rudolph, Sh. Ziyodov, A. Ak, and A. Hazbiy are compared, presenting a list of the teachers who influenced Maturidi and highlighting the key aspects of their scholarly activity. The text outlines the scholarly legacy and contributions of teachers such as Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Ishaq al-Juzjani, Ahmad ibn Abbas al-Iyozi, Muhammad ibn Muqatil al-Razi, Nusayr ibn Yahya al-Balkhi, and Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Rajo al-Juzjani in the fields of fiqh, hadith, and kalam. Information is also provided about lesser-known teachers such as Abu Usja Tuba ibn Qutayba al-Nahawi al-Arabi. The study concludes that these teachers played a crucial role in Maturidi’s attainment of profound mastery in fiqh, hadith, and particularly kalam, emphasizing Maturidi’s significant contribution to the development of the science of kalam.

This article presents a comparative political analysis of the energy security systems of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, focusing on institutional structures, resource management, reform trajectories, and long-term sustainability. Both countries share vast hydrocarbon endowments and a legacy of centralized energy governance, yet differ significantly in their strategic responses to global energy transitions. Uzbekistan has initiated notable reforms aimed at market liberalization and renewable integration, while Turkmenistan remains reliant on gas exports with limited diversification.

This article analyzes the foundational sources for the formation of knowledge and belief in Islamic creed (aqidah). According to the views of the scholars of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama'ah, it is explained that knowledge is acquired through three primary means: sound senses, reliable reports (transmission), and sound reason (intellect). The article elucidates the nature, limitations, and mutual compatibility of each of these means, based on foundational creedal works.

The moral qualities of national heroes are emphasized: feelings such as patriotism, selflessness, courage, justice and determination. National heroes are symbols of the nation. With their actions, patriotism, and selflessness, they leave an indelible mark on history and strengthen the national spirit as an example for future generations.

This study analyzes the root causes, strategic objectives, and implementation mechanisms of the Russian Empire’s military-political expansion into Central Asia, specifically the Zarafshan Valley, during the 1860s, based on primary sources. The article substantiates that the Empire’s actions in the region were not a spontaneous process but the product of a deeply calculated geostrategic plan – a proactive policy aimed at “connecting the Orenburg and Siberian lines”, achieving “cotton independence”, and halting the northward advance of the British Empire. The author examines A.I. Glukhovsky’s strategic projects, the diplomatic nature of the Gorchakov Circular, and the internal political crisis in the Emirate of Bukhara in their dialectical interconnection. The research scientifically demonstrates that the capture of the Zarafshan Valley was the decisive stage in transforming the region into a raw material appendage of the Empire.

This article analyzes the formation of the Korean diaspora in Uzbekistan through historical factors and a socio-philosophical perspective. It examines the forced deportation of the 1930s, adaptation to new geographic and cultural conditions, preservation of national identity, and the key determinants influencing the community’s socio-cultural development. The study also highlights the contribution of the Korean diaspora to Uzbekistan’s society and discusses its role in promoting interethnic harmony and cultural coexistence within the framework of state policies.

This article analyzes the political, economic, and administrative aspects of the governance of the third Rightly Guided Caliph – Uthman ibn Affan (may Allah be pleased with him). It highlights the Caliph’s initiatives such as the unification of the Qur’an into an official standardized version, the expansion of the Bayt al-Mal (state treasury) system, the improvement of provincial administration, the establishment of a naval fleet, and efforts to ensure social justice. The article also discusses, based on historical sources, the political conflicts and internal strife (fitna) that arose during his rule and their underlying causes. The study emphasizes that Caliph Uthman’s reforms had a profound influence on the subsequent stages of Islamic civilization, and that his contributions in upholding justice, generosity, and the preservation of the Qur’an hold a significant place in the history of Muslim statehood.

The article examines the complex relationship between spirituality and philosophy in Islamic thought, especially Sufism, which embodies a deep harmony of mystical experience and philosophical research, and the thoughts of scholars who have transmitted this teaching to the world. The essence of our research is one of the brightest representatives of the mystical world of the XVIII-XIX centuries, Muhammad Khorezmi, who at one time put forward mystical, mystical and socio–philosophical ideas in his views. Our scientific work highlights that the scientific legacy of Sheikh Odin Muhammad Khorezmi is Eastern philosophy, in particular the concept of human essence, morality and spiritual perfection.

This article analyzes the role and significance of mass media (MM) in the modern development period, as well as their contribution to shaping the spirituality and political thinking of youth. Furthermore, it highlights the effective reforms being implemented in this regard in Uzbekistan and globally, the importance of mass media in the current fast-paced era, and their relevance for young people.

This article examines the legal nature and practical significance of the pre-trial (administrative) review of administrative acts adopted in the process of issuing technical conditions for connection to water supply and wastewater disposal networks. Based on the analysis of the current legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the procedure for obtaining technical conditions, consumer rights, and administrative appeal mechanisms are discussed. Particular attention is paid to a comparative legal analysis of the experience of the United States, Germany, UK and Japan in the field of pre-trial dispute resolution. As a result of the study, proposals are formulated to improve the national system of pre-trial review, including the introduction of independent regulation, digitalization of procedures, and strengthening of the technical expertise institution. The implementation of these measures aims to enhance transparency, reduce corruption risks, and ensure effective protection of consumers’ rights.

This article examines the historical roots of horse breeding in Central Asia and the ecological and geographical conditions of the region. It addresses natural pastures, clean water sources, nutrient-rich steppes, and fertile crop fields that contributed to the development of purebred horses, their endurance, speed, and aesthetic qualities. Furthermore, the study analyzes the role of the ecological environment in the initial domestication of horses and their subsequent spread to other regions, as well as the strategic significance of water and pasture resources and the sustainability of regional horse breeding in early historical periods.

This article is devoted to analyzing the theoretical foundations of the communica-tive approach in teaching Arabic as a foreign language and examining its practical implementation. The primary objective of the study is to demonstrate how the communicative approach enhances language acquisition efficiency, in contrast to traditional approaches such as the translation-grammar method. The article empha-sizes the significant role of the communicative approach in developing productive language skills, particularly listening and speaking, in Arabic language education. Furthermore, the author explores innovative methodologies for implementing the communicative approach in practice, including role-plays, debates, and the use of authentic materials.

The article analyzes the structure, source-critical features, and scholarly significance of the 13th-century work Qunyat al-Munya li Tatmīm al-Ghunya by the Khwarazmian jurist Najm al-Din Mukhtar Zahidī. The study examines the author’s use of symbolic abbreviations, Old Khwarazmian linguistic elements, and manuscript tradition. The work’s contribution to Islamic jurisprudence and the Khwarazm Hanafi scholarly tradition is also evaluated.

This article analyzes the characteristics of ethnocultural processes and the prospective tasks of developing interethnic relations in the context of New Uzbekistan. The study reveals the priority directions of state policy aimed at preserving cultural diversity, strengthening national tolerance, and ensuring social cohesion in a multiethnic society. Particular attention is paid to the issues of ethnocultural identity, national self-awareness, and the development of intercultural dialogue under the conditions of globalization.

The best building was allocated for the museum, and the former palaces began to function as museums. The state allocated subsidies, the staff for the museum grew, and funds were allocated from the state budjed for collecting collections and forming a fund. Museums enterd Soviet society as a novelty. They were opened not for specific individuals, as before, but for the population, the people.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal aspects of international agreements governing the operation of transport corridors in the context of globalization and the growth of international trade. The study examines key principles of international legal regulation, including freedom of transit, unification of technical standards, customs facilitation, and institutional mechanisms for cooperation between states. Special attention is given to the issues of digitalization of logistics processes, harmonization of regulatory requirements, and the role of agreements in ensuring the safety and efficiency of international transport. The analysis shows that international agreements serve as the foundation for the development of sustainable transport systems and contribute to economic integration, as well as enhancing the competitiveness of countries involved in the development of transport corridors.

This article analyzes the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran through modern theories in the field of international relations. The Rational Model, Bureaucratic Model, Organizational Process Model, Constructivist Approach, Role Theory, and Discursive Analysis were used to explain the policy of the country of Iran. The purpose of the research is to reveal the role and importance of Iran on the world political scene through these models and theories.

This article examines the issue of forming the national mentality of Karakalpak youth based on a comparative analysis of the experience of the East and West. The experience of Western countries is aimed at developing the personality of young people, forming their skills of critical thinking, inclusiveness and tolerance, and actively using innovative methods and technologies. In turn, the experience of the East is based on the influence of national and spiritual values, morality, discipline, diligence, family, and society. The article analyzes the strengths and inconsistencies of both educational systems and proposes ways to adapt the best practices of the West while preserving the national mentality. The author emphasizes the importance of educating young people in the spirit of national values, taking into account modern global processes.

This article examines the role and significance of ecological culture in the "green" economy. The green economy represents an economic model based on environmental protection and efficient resource utilization. Ecological culture plays a crucial role in the sustainable development of society by shaping people's attitudes towards the environment and instilling ecological knowledge and values. The study analyzes the impact of ecological culture on the fundamental principles of the green economy, human health, economic stability, and international cooperation. Additionally, the article discusses measures for developing environmental culture and highlights the importance of environmental activities and educational programs in society. The main objective of the article is to demonstrate the significance of ecological culture in the green economy and propose necessary measures for its development. This article aims to help individuals increase their responsibility towards eradicating environmental illiteracy and ensuring sustainable development. The article will be valuable to all readers seeking comprehensive information about the interrelationship between ecology, economy, and society.

: This article analyzes the life and scholarly heritage of Burhanuddin al-Nasafi (approx. 600/1203–687/1288), an outstanding representative and encyclopedic scholar of the Mawarannahr school of Kalam in the 13th century. The research examines the historical paradox related to the scholar's personality – the discrepancy between the extreme scarcity of biographical information about him (particularly regarding his teachers) and, at the same time, his high recognition as the “Sheikh of Baghdad's philosophy”. The article analyzes al-Nasafi's international activities (Nasaf, Delhi, Damascus, Baghdad), his belonging to the Maturidi school through the prism of his views on the issue of “the faith of the muqallid” (iman al-muqallid), as well as the circle of his outstanding students, such as Ibn al-Fuwati, Shamsuddin al-Samarqandi, and A'lamuddin al-Barzali. It also reveals the centuries-old bibliographical confusion surrounding the scholar's major works, such as “Kashf al-Haqa'iq” (tafsir) and “al-Fusul al-Burhaniya” (jadal) (including their erroneous attribution to Fakhruddin al-Razi and Muwaffaquddin al-Kawashi), and provides methodological evidence of their true authorship.

This article attempts to provide a detailed account of the cooperative relations in the emergence, formation, and development of private printing in Turkestan. The research was conducted on the basis of archival documents, periodicals, local and international sources, as well as the analysis of existing literature. The article highlights the stages of the appearance of private printing houses, their organizational and economic mechanisms, and their contribution to the development of national culture.

In the article, the author, from a scientific and theoretical position, examined the system of criminal penalties applied during the Islamic period on the territory of Uzbekistan. In particular, the types and composition of punishments used during this period were studied, the features of their application and purposes were examined, the results of scientific research, the views and approaches of scientists and researchers regarding the classification of punishments for crimes in the sharia were analyzed. Based on the results of the study, relevant scientific and theoretical conclusions are presented.

This article explores the historical formation of the gender issue and examines its social, cultural, and philosophical foundations. The author traces the evolution of male and female roles from ancient societies to the modern era. The study highlights the emergence of gender equality ideas during the European Enlightenment and their transformation into major socio-political movements of the 20th century. Furthermore, the article analyzes the development of gender policy in Uzbekistan and its specific features rooted in national traditions and cultural values. The research findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how gender issues have evolved and been reflected in social consciousness.

This article analyzes the principle of masalih al-mursala and its application in real life. Masalih al-mursala is applied in Islamic law to resolve issues for which there is no explicit evidence but which ensure public welfare. The study primarily examines labor-related matters such as determining retirement age, granting regular and additional leave, protection from unfair dismissal, setting minimum wages, working hours, and ensuring employee healthcare. The findings indicate that applying the principle of masalih al-mursala allows Islamic law to maintain justice and protect human interests across different times and places.

The article examines the new role of "Inson" social service centers within the system of the National Social Protection Agency under the President, in the context of reforms being implemented in the social policy of New Uzbekistan. The main goal of the centers is to organize comprehensive social services and assistance to vulnerable segments of the population at the mahalla level. The research analyzes the significance of "Inson" centers in providing professional social services based on an individual approach to persons and families in difficult situations, preventing such situations, and ensuring their integration into society.

The 1920s and 1930s of the 20th century constituted a period marked by significant political, economic, and social transformations in the history of Uzbekistan. These processes also directly affected the development of the Kashkadarya region, in particular the city of Karshi. After the 1917 revolution, the Soviet government fundamentally transformed the administrative structure of the former emirate, centralized the economy, reorganized the land and water system, and introduced a new model of governance for urban economies. Although the New Economic Policy introduced in the 1920s provided an economic revival in urban life, it was replaced in the 1930s by policies of strict centralization, collectivization, and industrialization. This article provides information about the socio-economic development of the city of Karshi in the 1920s and 1930s.

This article examines materials on the evacuation of the population, including children, and the establishment of orphanages and their activities during World War II. World War II, which left a profound mark on human history, continues to be the subject of study and analysis. One aspect of this period is the evacuation of children from the western regions of the USSR to Uzbekistan. This large-scale operation saved thousands of lives, demonstrating the solidarity and humanism of peoples. With the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War in 1941, the western regions of the USSR found themselves at the epicenter of hostilities. The evacuation of the population became a necessary measure to ensure the safety of the civilian population. Children who lost their parents or were separated from them in the chaos of war were especially vulnerable.

This article examines ideas about fish in ancient mythology, their place and role in the creation of the world. It also analyzes ideas and sources related to the ancient fishing culture in the Amu Darya basin.

This article examines the political situation in Central Asia and the Middle East at the end of the 14th century, with particular emphasis on the activities of the regional alliance formed against Amir Timur. Special attention is given to the political initiatives and diplomatic activities of Qadi Burhan al-Din Ahmad, the ruler of Kayseri–Sivas. The study analyzes his refusal to submit to Amir Timur, as well as his diplomatic correspondence with the Mamluk sultan Barquq, the Ottoman sultan Yıldırım Bayazid, and the Golden Horde. Based on the works of Egyptian historians Badr al-Din Mahmūd al-ʿAynī and Jalāl al-Dīn Ibn Taghribirdī, the article reveals the role of Qadi Burhan al-Din in the creation of the regional coalition opposing Timur. It also describes Timur’s actions aimed at dismantling this alliance and his subsequent campaign against Sivas. The research highlights the political and diplomatic processes, interstate relations, and struggle for power in late 14th-century Asia Minor.